Introduction by Croakey: A before-and-after study of the Literacy for Life Foundation adult literacy campaign found that serious offences by students in the program reduced by almost 65 percent after participation.
The findings highlight the link between “low adult literacy and contacts with the police” and also the value in Aboriginal-led literacy programs, according to Professor Jack Beetson, Associate Professor Melanie Schwartz and Pat Anderson.
In the article below, originally published in The Conversation, Beetson, Schwartz and Anderson discuss the findings from their research.
Jack Beetson, Melanie Schwartz and Pat Anderson write:
Despite years of discussion and countless reviews, the incarceration rate of First Nations adults continues to increase in Australia. The Federal Government has said it will address this via “justice reinvestment”. That means funding programs that keep people out of the justice system.
Justice reinvestment reduces ever-growing criminal justice system costs, which frees up more funding to invest in communities. That keeps more people out of the system. And so the positive cycle continues.
One part of the justice reinvestment picture may be boosting literacy rates. In fact, a growing body of research shows the crucial role community-controlled adult literacy campaigns can play in reducing crime and improving justice outcomes.
Drop in serious offences
An estimated 40-70 percent of First Nations adults have low literacy.
Our research has focused on boosting literacy rates among First Nations adults via free programs rolled out by the Literacy for Life Foundation.
These programs involve more than 100 hours of adult literacy classes and activities, led by local Aboriginal staff, over a period of six months.
Our study, published in the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, found that after participation in the Literacy for Life Foundation adult literacy campaign, serious offences by students dropped by almost 65 percent.
The research was conducted as a before-and-after study looking at six communities in New South Wales. It included 162 participants who were all students in Literacy for Life Foundation’s Aboriginal adult literacy campaign. We also drew on NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research data.
Study participants consented to researchers examining their criminal offence records relating to the 12-month period prior to participation in the literacy campaign, and 12-month period after participation.
The study also drew on more than 100 interviews with students, staff, community members, service providers and criminal justice practitioners.
We found:
- total offences recorded (including those categorised as serious, plus other categories) declined by 32 percent (from 71 to 48)
- among women in the study, total offences halved (from 40 to 20).
- the largest reductions related to traffic offences (down 50 percent, from 14 to seven), public order offences (down 56 percent, from nine to four) and theft offences (down from five to zero).
One community leader described the impact for one participant by saying:
By the time he’d finished, he came out the other side not only having the ability to read and write, but he also came out of the other side with a licence. So that was a life-changing experience.”
Low literacy levels
Our study is among a growing body of research that highlights the correlation between low adult literacy and contacts with the police.
So what’s one got to do with the other?
Lower levels of English literacy are considered one of many factors contributing to continued inequalities in health and social outcomes for Indigenous peoples. One major area of inequality is in crime and justice.
Systemic racism and discriminatory policies across multiple sectors and over generations have contributed to Indigenous Australians facing more contacts with police, higher rates of incarceration and more contact with courts.
For many Indigenous people, entry into the judicial system is through minor, non-violent offences such as traffic infringements, in part due to insufficient literacy skills needed to pass a written driver’s licence test.
Low levels of English literacy also affect a person’s ability to understand their legal rights, seek legal counsel and read official documentation such as court attendance notifications. Not showing up to court proceedings can also result in additional charges being laid.
Convictions for these minor offences leave people with a criminal record, which make it hard to get a job. That can exacerbate issues with health and social wellbeing and perpetuate cycles of disadvantage.
Building basic literacy skills can help keep people out of jail, and for those in prison, participation in literacy and numeracy programs while in custody can help reduce recidivism (reoffending).
The Literacy for Life Foundation has recently started work with Indigenous people serving sentences in prison and it is hoped the trends highlighted in our study can be replicated.
What’s already clear is that community-led adult literacy campaigns can help reduce serious offences among participants by well over 50 percent, meaning the benefits extend beyond just helping people to read and write.
Research on this can help justice reinvestment programs, turning policy aspirations into practical action.
About the authors and disclosures
Professor Jack Beetson is a Ngemba man from western New South Wales. He is the Executive Director of The Literacy for Life Foundation and Adjunct Professor at the University of New England. He receives funding from state and federal governments and was a Partner Investigator on the ARC Linkage Project which part-funded the research detailed in this article.
Associate Professor Melanie Schwartz is Deputy Head of School and Senior Lecturer at UNSW Sydney. She has received funding from the Australian Research Council for research into justice reinvestment.
Pat Anderson is is an Alyawarre woman known nationally and internationally as a powerful advocate for the health of Australia’s First Peoples. She is Chairperson at Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education, Director of The Literacy for Life Foundation, Chair of Remote Area Corps and Co-chair Uluru Dialogue. She receives funding from state and federal governments and was a Partner Investigator on the ARC Linkage Project which part-funded the research detailed in this article.
Other Croakey articles discussing Beetson’s work:
Croakey Conference News Service report from 2019
A recent edition of The Health Wrap
See Croakey’s extensive archive of articles on social determinants of health.
