As recently reported at Croakey, these past weeks have brought an increased momentum in global efforts to tackle climate change – although the image below is a reminder that Australia is dragging the chain, at so many levels.
Public health expert Associate Professor Peter Sainsbury, who recently returned to Australia after attending a series of climate and health events, reviews recent global progress in climate change.
Ultimately, however, he does not believe the international community will act quickly enough.
He writes:
“I fear that we are almost certain to miss the rapidly closing window of opportunity for effective policy decisions; that the world will commit to the necessary actions a decade or two too late; that global warming will reach 4-50C, or even higher, this century; and that human civilisation as we know it will be destroyed in the next two centuries.”
***
A pivotal moment for tackling climate change – maybe
Peter Sainsbury writes:
It is possible that we will look back on four weeks during August and September 2014 as a pivotal moment in humanity’s efforts to limit global warming by 2100 to less than 20C compared with pre-industrial temperatures. During this period three significant events occurred, all of which I was fortunate enough to attend.
In late August the World Health Organisation (WHO) held its (somewhat surprisingly) first ever Health and Climate Conference in Geneva. Opened by Margaret Chan, Director-General of the WHO, the three-day conference, billed as a ‘working meeting’, was convened to provide input to the revision of the WHO’s workplan on climate change and health, and support member states to integrate health into their national climate change policies (see here for more details).
Among the 400 attendees were approximately forty health ministers from around the world – but not the Australian Minister or anyone from the Department of Health.
Much useful information was provided and discussed about climate change, its effects on health, ways of mitigating and adapting to climate change, the high greenhouse gas emissions (and environmental footprint generally) of the health sector, and the potential roles of the health sector in combating climate change, particularly the need to ensure that the health consequences of climate change are more widely acknowledged and factored in to, for instance, economic models of the costs of climate change and climate change mitigation. Importantly, it was universally accepted that the science of climate change was now beyond dispute.
I was, however, somewhat frustrated by the relative lack of discussion about three important topics: the effects of climate change on ecosystems and the threats that ecosystem destruction pose to human health and survival; the need for urgent action to reduce greenhouse emissions (i.e. corrective policy decisions must be made within the next 15 years); and the central importance of rapidly reducing and then eliminating our dependence on fossil fuels.
In contrast, a statement issued by the Global Climate and Health Alliance at the end of the conference took a far more assertive approach.
The #PeoplesClimate
The second event of significance was the People’s Climate March in New York on September 21st.
It is easy to become cynical and/or complacent about the influence of public demonstrations – another weekend, another march, another opportunity for the government or corporate giant or whoever to sit tight and let it pass before continuing to do whatever it was the protest was about.
But sometimes a public demonstration succeeds in sending a very clear message that governments do hear and I think that the New York Climate March was one of those occasions.
The number of people involved (300-400,000 in New York alone, and many more in similar marches around the world), the diversity of marchers (health workers, farmers, faith communities, young people, unions, grandparents, people with disabilities, the list is endless), the range of concerns expressed in banners and chants, and the combination of firm resolve and good humour among the marchers all combined to send a clear message to the many politicians and diplomats who were in New York that weekend (many of whom marched themselves, including the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon) – that people wanted action and were looking to governments and international organisations to get their acts together.
At several events during the following New York Climate Week, I heard politicians, diplomats and business leaders stating what a profound effect the march had had (and getting loud cheers if they said that they had marched).
The Climate Summit
Finally, on the Tuesday of Climate Week (September 23rd) the United Nations (UN) held a Climate Summit.
Credit for this rests with Ban Ki-moon himself, who wanted to raise political momentum for the creation of a meaningful international climate agreement in Paris in 2015 (see below), persuaded the member states to participate and took a very active part in the day’s proceedings.
The Summit was a stand-alone event and it was not intended that member states would sign any statement or agreement at its conclusion. The only formal output from the Summit was Ban Ki-moon’s personal summary of the outcomes, which can be seen here.
As has been widely reported, Tony Abbott did not attend the Summit. It was, however, attended by the most heads of government that have ever been at the UN on a single day.
Although Ban Ki-moon’s summary notes strong support for a price on carbon, as advocated by the majority of economists and many reports by highly respected organisations (see for instance most recently the Better Growth, Better Climate report released by The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate during Climate Week), the thorny issue of what to do with the fossil fuel industry was once again carefully skated around.
So where now?
Readers will remember the failure of nations to reach agreement on how to limit climate change at the Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting in Copenhagen in 2009, and the widespread disappointment, despair even, that accompanied this.
COP meetings have continued since then with the aim of reaching an agreement at the COP meeting in Paris in December 2015 on targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (and how national strategies to achieve their targets will be funded) after 2020. Nations are required to submit their proposed targets and strategies by March 2015.
Concerned citizens and organisations across the world must now focus on encouraging their own country to submit national targets and strategies that will make a real contribution to limiting warming globally to less than 20C.
Although this has many elements, essential components must include a realistic price on carbon, the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies, and the creation of policy and funding environments that will encourage the development of renewable energy sources.
This is very problematic in Australia of course, as there seems no possibility whatsoever of the current national government adopting any of these policies. And it seems equally unlikely that an ALP government would reintroduce a carbon pricing mechanism in its first term if it was re-elected.
International pressure is needed
The only hope of Australia making a serious contribution to limiting climate change in the near future would seem to be from sustained international pressure, especially from, say, the USA, UK and China.
I opened with a ray of hope. I would dearly like to close by burnishing that ray but I cannot, I can only tarnish it.
I am extremely pessimistic not only about Australia making an appropriate contribution to limiting climate change in the foreseeable future, but also about the international community reaching agreement in Paris.
I fear that we are almost certain to miss the rapidly closing window of opportunity for effective policy decisions; that the world will commit to the necessary actions a decade or two too late; that global warming will reach 4-50C, or even higher, this century; and that human civilisation as we know it will be destroyed in the next two centuries.
• Peter Sainsbury is a Visiting Professorial Fellow, Faculty of the Built Environment at the University of NSW and Associate Professor, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney. He was invited to attend the WHO Health and Climate Conference and the UN Climate Summit as a representative of the Climate and Health Alliance.
• Here you can find more than 140 stories on climate change and health from Croakey’s archives.
Sustained international pressure on Australia is something I have urged myself for a number of years – long before this first suggestion on social media!
It is a matter of recognising – as I naïvely failed to do for a decade or more – that Australia is naturally ultraconservative and unwilling to pay the costs of adapting to climate change. Australia is naturally ultraconservative because of Australia’s extraordinarily flat and ancient topography, which sets none of the severe limits to housing space or agricultural efficiency found in every other OECD nation and the great majority of so-called “developing” nations.
Consequently, Australia’s population, most of which lives in low-density suburbs, is unwilling to sacrifice its comfort and happiness. As S.T. Karnick points out, they would lose a great deal emotionally as well as economically from radical changes to phase out freeways for mass transit and coal power for 100 percent renewable energy. There is no way they would not vote for an East-West toll road and an end to government funding of public transport (not to mention large welfare cuts).
Australia’s large comparative advantage in primary productions produces a natural scarcity of highly educated professionals to support policies to improve greenhouse emissions in Europe and North America, and precludes a substantial population of very poor service workers who would gain from improvements to mass transit. The flatness of Australia means that as our cities expand this cannot – quite unlike Los Angeles which 1990s PTUA documents compared with Melbourne – be limited by lack of suitable land.
What will happen most likely is that current conservation reserves will be removed to make way for housing as Australian cities grow, which of itself will be disastrous for global biodiversity since Australia ranks as the fourth most biodiverse nation in the world.
The need for the US, UK and China to put pressure on Australia above their own emissions is undoubted, and there is no doubt that seventeen years of sustained in-your-face pressure upon Australia would have made much more difference than the endeavours of Europe, East Asia and North America. Zhao Zhongxiu and Yan Yunfeng in ‘Consumption-based Carbon Emissions and International Carbon Leakage: An Analysis Based on the WIOD Database’ have indeed shown that Australia’s uniquely bad per capita greenhouse gas emissions are much worse still when “embodied” emissions from the consumption of other nations are considered– providing further evidence that severe, in-your-face campaigns for radical action against Australia are urgent.
Luokehao, you may dream till the cows come home about, “Sustained international pressure on Australia”, but the reality is that there isn’t any meaningful International willingness at Government levels to do anything significant themselves, so them pressuring Australia is a pipe dream.
What you “naïvely failed to do for a decade or more” was understand that Governments nowhere have been willing/able to take the sorts of actions you desire. It’s NOT about the science of effects, but about the science of whether what’s needed to slow Greenhouse emissions indicates it’s a practical hope.
You need to try to understand what motivates people, and with most it’s not what motivates you.
You might also examine the evidence from Economic Geography and Economic History. They’re not especially complex subjects, but the evidence they supply isn’t encouraging.
In the meantime, you talking about such things as, “The need for the US, UK and China to put pressure on Australia above their own emissions” seems a tad odd?
Norman,
I can udnerstadn your perspective, but the reality of what we are seeing politically suggests that there will be more willingness in Eurasia and the Americas to do much more than at present, but that as Australian emissions skyrocket it will make no difference.
Consider firstly that, whilst Australia in September 2013 elected a traditional Catholic Prime Minister who was opposed to any demands even from science – who said he would fund roads and not public transport, and who said he would remove woefully inadequate regulations, opinion polls in the US shows that the Millennial Generation supports big welfare and is strongly opposed to the legitimacy of traditional religion. In Europe, Canada, New Zealand, Asia and Latin America the situation is certainly more extreme than the US though I lack data.
What this suggests is that Australia is rapidly turning into the world’s largest polluter and that Abbott and Co. know the economic gains therefrom.
Global Emissions reductions via treaties and the like will never hit critical mass. Too much of the developing world want what we have and rightly so. And the west will never sacrifice current economic growth for the possibility of results beyond the horizon.
Adaption of a warmer world via technological advancement is the only realistic option for the future.
Time to focus on that.
Scott,
even if adaptation is the only solution, there is absolutely no question it must be Australia who pays. Given our naturally ancient and very low productivity lands allow for extremely low levels of pollution, yet we have the highest per capita emissions int he world and present-day policies – whereby Abbott moves completely away from emissions, reducing technology just as Eurasia and the Americas embrace such big time – will only make this worse.
On another level, I do not think the so-called “developing countries” (most of them more accurately called the Tropical World) really wants what Australia has. Most of these humid tropical nations are natural-resource-poor like extratropical Eurasia and the Americas and thus would develop in a free market on manufacturing and the service sector – rather than as Australia has on high-efficiency farming and unlimited resources of previously unexploitable minerals like aluminum and titanium. Faced with the threat of global warming becoming more serious it is possible than the Tropical World would side with the so-called “West” of Europe, East Asia and North America (more accurately the Enriched World to make severe demands on Australia and other natural-resource-rich Indian Rim nations. I still do understand your extreme scepticism about this possibility, but that Australia, with the highest per capita emissions, should actually be allowed by far the lowest emissions has been known by ecologists for a good quarter century. The lack of knowledge and study of Australia abroad is a major problem, but if this could be corrected, our governments would see severe demands for remediation of our appallingly polluting energy and transport sectors in their face. Then, it would be fascinating to see how they and the ultraconservative suburban families who support their anti-environmental policies would react.