Introduction by Croakey: Increasing private health insurance uptake has no meaningful impact on public hospital waiting lists, according to new research by academics at the University of Melbourne.
Professor Yuting Zhang, Associate Professor Jongsay Yong and Ou Yang found that increasing private health insurance take-up by one percent in Victoria would result in approximately eight hours reduced waiting times for elective surgeries in public hospitals.
In the below article, first published in The Conversation, the authors argue that rather than pouring more money into subsidising private health insurance and private hospitals, “public money might be better directed to public hospitals and primary care”.
Meanwhile, Croakey columnist Adjunct Associate Professor Lesley Russell has explored private health insurance in Inside Story, concluding that “work on major PHI reforms appears to be happening under the radar, raising the chances that consumers needs and concerns are unheard”.
Yuting Zhang, Jongsay Yong and Ou Yang write:
The more people take up private health insurance, the less pressure on the public hospital system, including shorter waiting lists for surgery. That’s one of the key messages we’ve been hearing from government and the private health insurance industry in recent years.
Governments encourage us to buy private hospital cover. They tempt us with carrots – for instance, with subsidised premiums. With higher-income earners, the government uses sticks – buy private cover or pay the Medicare Levy Surcharge. These are just some of the billion-dollar strategies aimed to shift more of us who can afford it into the private system.
But what if private health insurance doesn’t have any meaningful impact on public hospital waiting lists after all?
That’s what we found in our recent research.
Our analysis suggests if an extra 65,000 people buy private health insurance, public hospital waiting lists barely shift from the average 69 days. Waiting lists are an average just eight hours shorter.
In other words, we’ve used hospital admission and waiting-list data to show private health insurance doesn’t make much difference.
Analysing waiting times
Our work looked at data from 2014-2018 on hospital admissions and waiting lists for elective surgery in Victoria.
The data covered all Victorians who were admitted as an inpatient in all hospitals in the state (both public and private) and those registered on the waiting list for elective surgeries in the state’s public hospitals.
That included waiting times for surgeries where people are admitted to public hospitals (as an inpatient). We didn’t include people waiting to see specialist doctors as an outpatient.
The data was linked at the patient level, meaning we could track what happened to individuals on the waiting list.
We then examined the impact of more people buying private health insurance on waiting times for surgeries in the state’s public hospitals.
We did this by looking at the uptake of private health insurance in different areas of Victoria, according to socioeconomic status. After adjusting for patient characteristics that may affect waiting times, these differences in insurance uptake allowed us to identify how this changed waiting times.
Findings
In our sample, on average 44 percent of people in Victoria had private health insurance. This is close to the national average of 45 percent.
We found that increasing the average private health insurance take-up from 44 percent to 45 percent in Victoria would reduce waiting times in public hospitals by an average 0.34 days (or about eight hours).
This increase of one percentage point is equivalent to 65,000 more people in Victoria (based on 2018 population data) taking up (and using) private health insurance.
The effects vary slightly by surgical specialty. For instance, private health insurance made a bigger reduction to waiting times for knee replacements, than for cancer surgery, compared to the average. But again, the difference only came down to a few hours.
Someone’s age also made a slight difference, but again by only a few hours compared to the average wait.
Given the common situation facing public and private hospitals across all states and territories, and similar private health insurance take-up in many states, our findings are likely to apply outside Victoria.
Why doesn’t it reduce waiting lists?
While our research did not address this directly, there may be several reasons why private health insurance does not free up resources in the public system to reduce waiting lists:
- people might buy health insurance and not use it, preferring to have free treatment in the public system rather than risk out-of-pocket costs in the private system
- specialists may not be willing to spend more time in the public system, instead favouring working in private hospitals
- there’s a growing need for public hospital services that may not be available in the private system, such as complex neurosurgery and some forms of cancer treatment.
Significant public spending
Government policies designed to get more of us to buy private health insurance involve a significant sum of public spending.
Each year, the Australian government spends about $A6.7 billion in private health insurance rebates to reduce premiums.
In the 2020-21 financial year, Medicare combined with state and territory government expenditure provided almost $6.1 billion to fund services provided in private hospitals.
There might be an argument for this public spending if the end result was to substantially take pressure off public hospitals and thereby reduce waiting times for treatment in public hospitals.
But the considerable effort it takes to encourage more people to sign up for private health insurance, coupled with the small effect on waiting lists we’ve shown, means this strategy is neither practical nor effective.
Given the substantial costs of subsidising private health insurance and private hospitals, public money might be better directed to public hospitals and primary care.
In addition, people buying private health insurance can skip the waiting times for elective surgery to receive speedier care. These people are often financially well off, implying unequal access to health care.
Government review
The Australian Government is currently reviewing private health insurance.
So now is a good time for reforms to optimise the overall efficiency of the healthcare system (both public and private) and improve population health while saving taxpayer money.
We also need policies to ensure equitable access to care as a priority.
When it comes to reducing hospital waiting lists, we’ve shown we cannot rely on increased rates of private health insurance coverage to do the heavy lifting.
About the authors
Yuting Zhang is a Professor of Health Economics, Jongsay Yong is an Associate Profess of Economics and Ou Yang is a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Melbourne.
Disclosure
Yuting Zhang receives funding from the Australian Research Council, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, the Victorian Department of Health, and National Health and Medical Research Council. In the past, Professor Zhang has received funding from several US institutes including the US National Institutes of Health, Commonwealth fund, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. She has not received funding from for-profit industry including the private health insurance industry.
Jongsay Yong and Ou Yang do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
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