Introduction by Croakey: All parties should commit to addressing “GP deserts” – areas where there are few too GPs to ensure equitable healthcare – at this year’s federal election, according to Peter Breadon and Wendy Hu, at Grattan Institute.
Below, Breadon and Hu urge the next government to “set a minimum level of access to GP care, and fund local schemes to fill the worst gaps”, often in rural areas of Australia.
This comes as Single Employer Models to support GP and rural generalist registrars are being trialled in several under-served areas across the country, from the Murrumbidgee Local Health District in NSW to lutruwita/Tasmania.
The below article was first published in The Conversation under the headline, Too many Australians miss out on essential medical care every year. Here’s how to fix ‘GP deserts’.
Peter Breadon and Wendy Hu write:
Some communities are ‘GP deserts’, where there are too few GPs to ensure everyone can get the care they need when they need it. These communities are typically sicker and poorer than the rest of Australia, but receive less care and face higher fees.
At the 2025 federal election, all parties should commit to changing that. The next government – whether Labor or Coalition, majority or minority – should set a minimum level of access to GP care, and fund local schemes to fill the worst gaps.
About half a million Australians live in GP deserts. These are communities in the bottom five percent for GP services per person. Most GP deserts are in remote Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, and some are in Canberra.
People in GP deserts receive 40 percent fewer GP services than the national average. This means less of the essential check-ups, screening and medication management GPs provide.
Nurses and Aboriginal Health Workers help plug some of the gap, but even then GP deserts aren’t close to catching up to other areas.
And some people miss out altogether. Last year, eight percent of people older than 65 in these areas didn’t see the GP at all, compared to less than one percent in the rest of the country.
GP deserts are in the worst possible places. These communities are typically sicker and poorer, so they should be getting more care than the rest of Australia, not less.
People in GP deserts are almost twice more likely to go to hospital for a condition that might have been avoided with good primary care, or to die from an avoidable cause.
Most GP deserts are in the bottom 40 percent for wealth, yet pay more for care. Patients in GP deserts are bulk billed six percentage points less than the national average.
These communities miss out year after year. While rises and falls in national bulk billing rates get headlines, the persistent gaps in GP care are ignored. The same communities have languished well below the national average for more than a decade.
Policies don’t go far enough
Most GP deserts are rural, so recent policies to boost rural primary care could help a bit.
In response to rising out-of-pocket costs, the government has committed A$3.5 billion to triple bulk-billing payments for the most disadvantaged. Those payments are much higher for clinics in rural areas.
An uptick in rural bulk billing last year is an early indication it may be working.
New rural medical schools and programs should help boost rural GP supply, since students who come from, and train in, rural areas are more likely to work in them. A “rural generalist” pathway recognises GPs who have trained in an additional skill, such as obstetrics or mental health services.
But broad-based rural policies are not enough. Not all rural areas are GP deserts, and not all GP deserts are rural. Australia also needs more tailored approaches.
Local schemes can work
Some communities have taken matters into their own hands.
In Triabunna on Tasmania’s east coast, a retirement in 2020 saw residents left with only one GP, forcing people to travel to other areas for care, sometimes for well over an hour. This was a problem for other towns in the region too, such as Swansea and Bicheno, as well as much of rural Tasmania.
In desperation, the local council has introduced a A$90 medical levy to help fund new clinics. It’s also trialling a new multidisciplinary care approach, bringing together many different health practitioners to provide care at a single contact point and reduce pressure on GPs. Residents get more care and spend less time and effort coordinating individual appointments.
Murrumbidgee in New South Wales has taken a different approach. There, trainee doctors retain a single employer throughout their placements. That means they can work across the region, in clinics funded by the federal government and hospitals managed by the state government, without losing employment benefits. That helps trainees to stay closely connected to their communities and their patients.
Murrumbidgee’s success has inspired similar trials in other parts of NSW, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania.
These are promising approaches, but they put the burden on communities to piece together funding to plug holes. Without secure funding, these fixes will remain piecemeal and precarious, and risk a bidding war to attract GPs, which would leave poorer communities behind.
Minimum level of GP care needed
The federal government should guarantee a minimum level of general practice for all communities. If services funded by Medicare and other sources stay below that level for years, funding should automatically become available to bridge the gap.
The federal and state governments should be accountable for fixing GP deserts. These regions typically have small populations, few clinicians, and limited infrastructure. So governments must work together to make the best use of scarce resources.
Funding must be flexible, because every GP desert is different. Sometimes the solution may be as simple as helping an existing clinic hire extra staff. Other communities may want to set up a new clinic, or introduce telehealth for routine check-ups. There is no lack of ideas about how to close gaps in care, the problem lies in funding them.
Lifting all GP deserts to the top of the desert threshold – or guaranteeing at least 4.5 GP services per person per year, adjusted for age, would cost the federal government at least A$30 million a year in Medicare payments.
Providing extra services in GP deserts will be more expensive than average. But even if the cost was doubled or tripled, it would still be only a fraction of the billions of dollars of extra incentives GPs are getting to bulk bill – and it would transform the communities that need help the most.
GP deserts didn’t appear overnight. Successive governments have left some communities with too little primary care.
The looming federal election gives every party the opportunity to make amends. If they do, the next term of government could see GP deserts eliminated for good.
About the authors
Peter Breadon is the Program Director, Health and Aged Care at Grattan Institute. Wendy Hu is Associate, Grattan Institute.
See Croakey’s archive of articles on rural healthcare.
